Restoring Paul to the People of the Way
Israel Ablaze — Part 3
After Paul became a believer in Yeshua as the Messiah on the road to Damascus (Acts 9:1–2), how did he express his faith in Yeshua? To most Protestants and Catholics, Paul went from being a Pharisaic Jew to being a dispensational [Age of Law/Age of Grace] Christian. They believe that Paul taught that when Yeshua died on the tree, He nailed the law to the cross and replaced it with grace and love. In contrast, some within the Messianic/Hebraic Roots movement believe that Paul remained a Pharisee in doctrine and practice. So then, how did Paul testify that he expressed his faith in Yeshua as the Messiah? In Acts 24:10, 14, it is written:
Then Paul, after that the governor had beckoned unto him to speak, answered… But this I confess unto you, that after the way which they call heresy, [Strongs G139] so worship I the God of my fathers, believing all things which are written in the Torah and in the prophets.
The Qumran community called themselves, “The Way.” In 1QS 9:17–21, it says:
… for those who have chosen the Way… if then the secret Way is perfected among the men or the Yahad [the people of the community]… guided by what has been revealed to them that will be the time of ‘preparing the way’ in the desert (Isaiah 40:3) … these are the precepts of the Way…[1]
When the Temple system in Jerusalem became corrupted through the influence of the Greek Seleucids in the 2nd century BC, and, as a result, they removed the Zadok priests from the office of the high priesthood, the Zadok priests established a community in the Qumran near the Dead Sea in Israel. In 1QS 5:7–9 it says:
These are the regulations that govern when they are gathered together as a community. Every initiate into the party of the Yahad [which means unity, togetherness, oneness] … shall take upon himself a binding oath to return to the Law of Moses… to all that has been revealed from it to the Sons of Zadok — priests and preservers of the Covenant…[2]
The community was founded based upon Isaiah 40:3. In 1QS 8:12–14 it says:
When such men as these come to be in Israel… they shall separate from the session of perverse men [the corrupt Temple system] to go to the wilderness, there to prepare the way of truth, as it is written, ‘In the wilderness prepare the way of the Lord, make straight in the desert, a highway for our God’ (Isaiah 40:3).[3]
So, the Qumran community called themselves “the Way,” and they were known by others as the “people of the Way.” This is because their community was founded based upon Isaiah 40:3, which refers to “preparing the Way” of the Lord. In other words, they saw themselves as preparing for the coming of the Messiah. In John 14:6, Yeshua referred to Himself as being the “Way,” the Truth, and the Life.
When those Jews from the Qumran community became believers in Yeshua as the Messiah, they were also called, “Nazarenes,” in addition to being called the “people of the Way.” Nazarene comes from the Hebrew root “netzer,” which means “branch.” In John 15:3, Yeshua said that He is the vine, and His followers are the branches. In modern Hebrew, Christians are called “notzrim,” which comes from the same Hebrew root as “branch.” In Acts 24:5, Paul was accused of being a leader of the sect of the Nazarenes, as it is written:
For we have found this man a pestilent fellow, and a mover of sedition among all the Jews throughout the world, and a ringleader [chief leader] of the sect [Strongs G139] of the Nazarenes.
The word translated as “heresy” [Strongs G139] in Acts 24:14 is the same Greek word translated as “sect” [Strongs G139] in Acts 24:5.
So, Paul now testified that he followed the Way in believing that Yeshua was the Messiah [Acts 24:14] as well as being accused by the Pharisees of being a chief leader of the Nazarenes [Acts 24:5], which is another name for “the people of the Way.”
The Life of Paul
Paul was born in the city of Tarsus, which was the capital city of the Roman province of Silicia. He learned the Torah in the city of Jerusalem from his teacher, Rabbi Gamaliel (Acts 22:3). Gamaliel was known as “Gamaliel the Elder” or “Rabban Gamaliel I.” He was a leading authority of the Sanhedrin in the early first century AD. He was the grandson of Hillel the Elder. Hillel the Elder was a major leader in the first century AD of a particular school of belief within Pharisaic Judaism. Shammai was the other major leader in the first century AD of a particular school of belief within Pharisaic Judaism. The schools of Hillel the Elder and Shammai had, at times, different interpretations for the proper way to follow the Torah. In any event, Paul was brought up as a Pharisaic Jew. In Acts 26:1–2, 4–5, Paul testified:
Then [King] Agrippa said unto Paul, You are permitted to speak… I think myself happy, king Agrippa, because I shall answer for myself this day… My manner of life from my youth, which was at the first among mine own nation at Jerusalem… after the most strait [meaning the most correct interpretation of the Torah] sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee [the interpretation of Hillel the Elder as taught by Rabban Gamaliel I].
In Acts 23:6, Paul testified before the Sanhedrin that he grew up in a Pharisaic family as it is written:
But when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees, and the other Pharisees, he cried out in the Sanhedrin, Men and brethren, I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee…
Paul called the Pharisaic sect the “Jews’ religion.” In Galatians 1:13–14, it is written:
For you have heard of my conversation in time past in the Jews’ religion, how that beyond measure I persecuted the church of God, and wasted it. And profited in the Jews’ religion, above many my equals in mine own nation, being more exceedingly zealous of the traditions of my fathers.
The “tradition of the fathers” is the doctrine of Pharisaic Oral Torah.[4]
When the Qumran community, the people of the Way, became believers in Yeshua as the Messiah, Paul persecuted and even had them killed. In Acts 9:1–2 it is written:
And Saul, yet breathing out threats and slaughter against the disciples of the Lord, went unto the high priest, And desired of him letters to Damascus to the synagogues, that if he found any of this way, whether they were men or women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusalem.
Paul testified of his persecution and killing of the people of the way. In Acts 22:3–5, it is written:
I [Paul] am verily a man which am a Jew, born in Tarsus, a city in Cilicia… And I persecuted this way unto the death, binding and delivering into prisons both men and women. As also the high priest does bear me witness, and all the estate of the elders: from whom also I received letters unto the brethren, and went to Damascus, to bring them which were there bound unto Jerusalem, for to be punished.
Therefore, Paul was born into a Pharisaic Jewish family. He studied Pharisaic Judaism from his teacher, Rabban Gamaliel I, in Jerusalem. As a result, Paul learned and followed the Pharisaic doctrine of Oral Torah, which is centered on Rabbinic authority to interpret the Torah. Pharisaic Judaism rejected Yeshua being the Messiah. Initially, in following the leaders of Pharisaic Judaism, Paul rejected Yeshua as the Messiah also. Furthermore, he persecuted believers in Yeshua as Messiah who were originally called, “the people of the Way.” The people of the Way were also called Nazarenes. Because of a Jewish religious dispute that the Pharisees had with the people of the Way, originally Paul persecuted and even killed the followers of the Way. However, while traveling on the road to Damascus, (Acts 9:1–2) with the intent to persecute the followers of the Way, Paul had a divine encounter with Yeshua who defended the people of the Way. In Acts 9:3–5, it is written:
And as he journeyed, he came near Damascus: and suddenly there shined round about him a light from heaven. And he fell to the earth, and heard a voice saying unto him, Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? And he said, Who are you, Lord? And the Lord said, I am Yeshua whom you persecute…
So, Yeshua said that persecuting him is persecuting the people of the Way. In this, we can see that Yeshua identified with the people of the Way. Therefore, following Yeshua is identifying more with the people of the Way rather than with identifying with the Pharisees, which is today called, “Rabbinic Orthodox Judaism.” As a result, after this encounter with Yeshua on the road to Damascus, Paul identified himself as following the people of the Way (Acts 24:14).
Paul Followed Yeshua, the Way and the Torah By the Holy Spirit
In following the people of the Way, Paul continued to follow the Torah. However, he followed what was WRITTEN in the Torah rather than the Pharisaic doctrine of Oral Torah, which is based upon Rabbinic authority to interpret the Torah and the obligation to follow their rulings. Paul testified in Acts 24:10, 14, as it is written:
Then Paul, after that the governor had beckoned unto him to speak, answered … But this I confess unto you, that after the way which they [Sadducees and Pharisees] call heresy [sect], so worship I the God of my fathers, believing all things which are WRITTEN (Emphasis mine) in the Torah and in the prophets.
After believing in Yeshua as the Messiah, Paul testified that he followed Torah. In Romans 7:22, 25, it is written:
For I delight in the Torah of God after the inward man [one who follows the Torah by the Holy Spirit] … I thank God through Yeshua Messiah our Lord. So then with the mind I, myself, serve the Torah of God …
In fact, Paul called the Torah holy and good. In Romans 7:12, it is written:
Wherefore the Torah is holy, and the commandment holy, and just, and good.
Furthermore, Paul taught that both Jew and non-Jew should follow the Torah. In Romans 3:31, it is written:
Do we [Jew and non-Jew] then make void the Torah through faith? God forbid: yea, we [Jew and non-Jew] establish [follow] the Torah.
So, when Paul became a believer in Yeshua as the Messiah and a follower of the Way, he still continued to follow the Torah. However, Paul changed HOW he followed the Torah. Instead of following the Torah through Pharisaic Oral Torah and submitting to Rabbinic interpretation of the Torah as taught by the school of Hillel the Elder, Paul started to follow the Torah with the help, leading and inspiration of the Holy Spirit. In Romans 8:14, Paul taught:
For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God.
In Paul expressing his faith in Yeshua as the Messiah by following the Torah with the help and inspiration of the Holy Spirit, Paul was also greatly influenced from the teachings of the Zadok priests in the Qumran community. We can see this quite easily by comparing various things written in the Dead Sea Scrolls with the teachings of Paul in his letters. Under the leadership of the Zadok priests in the Qumran community, they endeavored to follow the Torah with the help and inspiration of the Holy Spirit. It is not the teaching of Pharisaic Judaism to follow the Torah through the help and inspiration of the Holy Spirit. In the Thanksgiving Hymn 32:14–15, it says:
And I, the Instructor, have known You, O my God, by the spirit which you gave me, and I have listened faithfully to Your wondrous counsel by Your Holy Spirit.[5]
In the Thanksgiving Hymn (4:38), it says:
[I give thanks to You, O Lord, for] You have spread [Your] Holy Spirit over Your servant…[6]
In 1Q28b 2:22–24, it says:
May the Lord grace you with the [Holy] Spirit… May He grace you with the Holy Spirit and lovingkindness…[7]
In 1QS 4:3–4, it says:
This [Holy] Spirit engenders humility, patience, abundant compassion, perpetual goodness, insight, understanding, and powerful wisdom resonating to each of God’s deeds…[8]
In Galatians 5:22–23, Paul called the attributes of the Holy Spirit the “Fruit of the Spirit” as it is written:
But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, temperance…
The Zadok priests of the Qumran community believed that you should follow the Torah with a circumcised heart. In 1QS 5:1–5, it says:
This is the rule for the men of the Yahad [a name given to the entire community] who volunteer to repent from evil… their discussions shall be under the oversight of the Sons of Zadok, priests and preservers of the covenant… none will continue with a willful heart [to sin] and thus be seduced… by his lower nature [the flesh] … they shall circumcise the foreskin of this nature…[9]
Paul taught following Torah in Yeshua with a circumcised heart with the help of the Holy Spirit. In Romans 2:29, it is written:
… [whose] circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit…
In Colossians 2:11, it is written:
In whom also you are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands [of the heart], in putting off the body of the sins of the flesh by the circumcision of Messiah.
As stated earlier, Paul became a believer in Yeshua as Messiah while he was on his journey to Damascus to persecute the “people of the Way” (Acts 9:1–2). Interestingly, the Qumran community referred to themselves as living “in the land of Damascus.” In CD Geniza B 19:33, 20:12 it says:
So it is with all the men who entered the new covenant in the land of Damascus… the sure covenant that they made in the land of Damascus, that is, the New Covenant.[10]
In Galatians 1:13, 17, it is written:
For you have heard of my conversation in time past in the Jews’ religion [Pharisaic Judaism], how that beyond measure I persecuted the church of God [who was called the Way], and wasted it… Neither went I up to Jerusalem to them which were apostles before me; but I went into Arabia [mount Sinai – Galatians 4:25] and returned again unto Damascus.
Therefore, at some point in time, Paul spent time with the Zadok priests from the Qumran community. In fact, Paul spent enough time studying the teachings of the Zadok priests of the Qumran community that the Pharisees regarded Paul as being a leader of their community (Acts 24:5), given that Paul testified that he was a follower of the Way (Acts 24:14). As a result, Paul was influenced by the teachings of the Zadok priests of the Qumran community. Consequently, Paul communicated his faith in Yeshua as the Messiah in his letters from the influence of the teachings of the Zadok priests from the Qumran community. Let’s see a few more examples of this.
The Dead Sea Scrolls use the term “sin of the flesh” to refer to our human nature not following the Torah. In 1QS 11:9, 12, it says:
… as for me, to evil humanity and to the counsel of wicked flesh do I belong… if through sin of the flesh, I fall…[11]
However, the Dead Sea Scrolls teach that if you follow Torah by the Holy Spirit, it will result in long life, peace (shalom), and joy while experiencing blessings and eternal life. In doing so, you will receive an eternal crown of glory. In 1QS 4:6–8, it says:
… all who walk in this [Holy] Spirit will know healing, bountiful peace, long life… perpetual joy through life everlasting. They will receive a crown of glory with a robe of honor, resplendent forever and ever.[12]
In Romans 8:5–6, it is written:
For they that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh; but they that are after the Spirit the things of the Spirit. For to be carnally minded [the flesh] is death; but to be spiritually minded [follow Torah by the Holy Spirit] is life and peace.
In Romans 14:17, it is written:
For the kingdom of God is not meat and drink; but righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit.
Peter spoke about this crown of glory. In 1 Peter 5:4, it is written:
And when the chief Shepherd [Yeshua] shall appear, you shall receive a crown of glory that fades not away [is eternal].
The Qumran community taught that mankind is saved from their sins by the grace, mercy and compassion of the God of Israel. In 1QS 1:24–26, 2:1, it says:
… All the initiates into the Covenant are to respond by confessing, ‘We have been wicked, transgressed and sinned… [wherefore God] has judged us… yet He has also requited us [forgiven our sins or declared us not guilty] with the loving deeds of His mercy [grace] …[13]
In 1QS 11:11–12, 14, it says:
As for me, if I stumble [sin], God’s mercy [grace] will forever save me… through His exceeding goodness [grace] shall He atone for all my sin.[14]
In the Thanksgiving Hymn 2:23, it says:
… [you have delivered] Your servant from all sins [… and by the abundance of] your mercy…[15]
In the Thanksgiving Hymn 16:31–32, it says:
… I know that man has no righteousness… all the works of righteousness belong to God Most High…[16]
In Ephesians 2:8–9, it is written:
For by grace are you saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: Not of works, lest any man should boast.
Furthermore, the Qumran community taught that when we sin that God is our justification. In 1 QS 11:2–3, 10–15, it says:
… As for me, my justification lies with God… By His righteousness is my transgression blotted out… surely a man’s way is not his own; neither can any person make right his own step. Surely, justification is of God… As for me, if I stumble… through sin of the flesh… my justification will be by the righteousness of God which endures forever… Through His love He has brought me near… By His righteousness shall He cleanse me of human defilement and the sin of mankind to the end that I praise God for His righteousness…[17]
Paul wrote of many of these things in the book of Romans, wherein he took these principles and applied them to the redemptive work of Yeshua when He shed His blood and died upon the tree to forgive us of our sins. In Romans 3:23–24, it is written:
For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God. Being justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Messiah Yeshua
In Romans 5:8–9, it is written:
But God commends his love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Messiah died for us. Much more then, being now justified by his blood, we shall be saved from wrath through him.
In 1 Corinthians 6:11, it is written:
…but you are justified in the name of the Lord Yeshua, and by the Spirit of our God.
So, Paul explained that we have no righteousness based upon our own merit but that our righteousness is in the righteousness of Yeshua. In 1 Corinthians 1:30, it is written:
But of him are you in Messiah Yeshua, who of God is made unto us wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption.
In Romans 5:11, it is written:
And not only so, but we also joy in God through our Lord Yeshua Messiah, by whom we have now received the atonement.
The Sons of Light Are Given Hidden Wisdom
The Qumran community referred to themselves as the “Sons of Light.” In 1QS 3:13, 24–25, it says:
A text belonging to the Instructor, who is to enlighten and teach all the Sons of Light… Yet the God of Israel assists all the Sons of Light. It is actually He who created the spirits of light and darkness, making them the cornerstone of every deed.[18]
In 1 Thessalonians 5:4–5, it is written:
But you, brethren, are not in darkness, that that day should overtake you as a thief. You are all the children of light, and the children of the day: we are not of the night, nor of darkness.
The Dead Sea Scrolls speak of the “Sons of Light” who are given hidden wisdom which is hid from humanity in general. In 1QS 11:5–6, it says:
Upon the eternal has my eyes gazed, even the wisdom hidden from men, the knowledge, wise prudence from humanity concealed.[19]
In 1 Corinthians 2:6–7, it is written:
Howbeit we speak wisdom among them that are perfect: yet not the wisdom of this world, nor of the princes of this world, that come to nought: But we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, even the hidden wisdom, which God ordained before the world unto our glory.
The Community As A Spiritual Temple
The members of the Qumran community, who called themselves the Yahad, saw themselves as a spiritual Temple. In 1QS 8:5–6, 9:5–6 it says:
When such men as these come to be in Israel then shall the party of the Yahad truly be established, an eternal planting, a temple for Israel and mystery, a Holy of Holies for Aaron … At that time, the men of the Yahad… the holy house of Aaron uniting as a Holy of Holies and the synagogue of Israel as those who walk blamelessly.[20]
In Ephesians 2:20–21, it is written:
And are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Yeshua Messiah himself being the chief cornerstone; In whom all the building fitly framed together grows unto an holy temple in the Lord,
In 1 Corinthians 3:16–17, it is written:
Know ye not that you are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwells in you? If any man defile the temple of God, him shall God destroy; for the temple of God is holy, which temple you are.
Which Calendar Did Paul Follow To Keep The Feasts?
Acts 2:1 speaks of the day of Shavuot/Pentecost. In the September 2024 issue of the Yavoh magazine, I gave many examples of how the information presented in Acts 2 indicated that this Shavuot was celebrated according to the priestly calendar kept by the Zadok priests in the Qumran. On the other hand, the Pharisees celebrated Shavuot on a different day than the Zadok priests of the Qumran community. When Paul grew up under the teachings of Gamaliel the Elder and the Pharisees, he obviously celebrated the feasts according to the Pharisaic Babylonian calendar.
As we have seen in this article, when Paul became a believer in Yeshua as the Messiah, he testified that he became a follower of the Way (Acts 24:14). After Paul became a believer in Yeshua as Messiah in Acts 9:19–22, he celebrated Shavuot (Acts 20:16, 1 Corinthians 16:8). As a follower of the Way, Paul would have kept Shavuot according to the priestly calendar kept by the Zadok priests of the Qumran community. According to the priestly calendar, the Festival of the First Fruits of the Barley Harvest was celebrated on the 1st month and the 26th day. In 4Q326 1:1–4, it says:
In the first month… on the fifteenth is the Feast of Unleavened Bread… on the twenty-sixth of the month is the Barley Festival…[21]
In Acts 20:6, it is written:
And we sailed away from Philippi after the days of unleavened bread, and came unto them to Troas in five days; where we abode seven days.
The Festival of Unleavened Bread is celebrated for seven days starting from the first month and the 15th day to the 21st day (Leviticus 23:6–8). According to the priestly calendar in 4Q326, the First Fruits of the Barley Harvest is celebrated five days later on the 26th day of the month.[22] From these things, we can see that Paul celebrated the Festival of Unleavened Bread. Then, five days later, he stopped in Troas. This was to keep the First Fruits of the Barley Harvest according to the priestly calendar followed by the people of the Way who lived in the Qumran.[23] Paul remained in Troas for the first week of the counting of the Omer. Afterward, Paul wanted to make it to Jerusalem so that he could celebrate Shavuot in Jerusalem as commanded in Deuteronomy 16:16.
In this article, I have only given you a few of the many examples of the things mentioned in the Dead Sea Scrolls appearing in Paul’s letters. In addition to his testimony that he was a follower of the Way (Acts 24:14), we can clearly see from the examples that I was able to share in this article that Paul’s letters were influenced by the teachings of the Zadok priests who lived in Qumran. Paul did not tell believers in Yeshua as the Messiah, in his letters, to follow Torah by submitting to Rabbinical authority and their rulings regarding the proper interpretation of the Torah. This is known as the Doctrine of Oral Torah. Therefore, Paul did not teach in his letters to follow Pharisaic Judaism. However, Paul did teach believers in Yeshua as Messiah (both Jew and non-Jew) to follow the Torah (Romans 3:31) of Yeshua (Galatians 6:2), with the help and inspiration of the Holy Spirit (Romans 8:14). In fact, this is how the Zadok priests taught the people of the Way in the Qumran community to follow the Torah. As a follower of the Way, Paul also didn’t teach the present-day Greco-Roman doctrine of dispensationalism [age of law/age of grace]. This teaching originated with the Greco-Roman Western Church when they departed from their Jewish roots in Messiah (the teachings of the followers of the Way) after the day of Shavuot/ Pentecost in Acts 2, when the message of Yeshua as the Messiah went outside the land of Israel.
As part of the restoration of all things (Matthew 17:11, Acts 3:20–21) before the second coming of Yeshua, Paul needs to be restored to his identification with the people of the Way and thus keeping the Biblical Festivals according to the priestly calendar as taught by the Zadok priests who lived in Qumran, as well as being a follower of the Torah of Yeshua through the help and inspiration of the Holy Spirit. In Acts 24:10, 14, it is written:
Then Paul, after that the governor had beckoned unto him to speak, answered … But this I confess unto you, that after the way which they call heresy, [sect] so worship I the God of my fathers, believing all things which are written in the Torah and in the prophets.
In Romans 3:31, it is written:
Do we [Jew and non-Jew] then make void the Torah through faith? God forbid: yea, we [Jew and non-Jew] establish [follow] the Torah.
In Romans 8:14, it is written:
For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God.
Finally, in Paul being a follower of the Way, we also need to restore him to being a follower of the priestly calendar of the Zadok priests in the Qumran. In Acts 20:6, 16 it is written:
And we sailed away from Philippi after the days of unleavened bread, and came unto them to Troas in five days; where we abode seven days… For Paul had determined to sail by Ephesus …to be at Jerusalem [for] the day of Pentecost.
In conclusion, Paul was a faithful bondservant of Yeshua (Romans 1:1), who expressed his faith in Him by being a follower of the Way (Acts 24:14)! ■
Article written by Eddie Chumney.
Eddie Chumney is the founder of Hebraic Heritage Ministries Int’l.
* Scripture references from the KJV
Footnotes
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1QS 9:17-21
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1QS 5:7-9
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1QS 8:12-14
Josephus Antiquities, 13.10.6
Dead Sea Scrolls. Thanksgiving Hymn 32:14-15
Dead Sea Scrolls. Thanksgiving Hymn 4:38
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1Q28b 2:22-24
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1QS 4:3-4
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1QS 5:1-5
Princeton Geniza Project, version 4.x. Center for Digital Humanities at Princeton, 2025. CD Geniza B 19:33, 20:12. http://geniza.princeton.edu. Accessed June 2025.
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1QS 11:9, 12
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1QS 4:6-8
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1QS 1:24-26, 2:1
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1QS 11:11-12, 14
Dead Sea Scrolls. Thanksgiving Hymn 2:23
Dead Sea Scrolls. Thanksgiving Hymn 16:31-32
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1 QS 11:2-3, 10-15
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1QS 3:13, 24-25
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1QS 11:5-6
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1QS 8:5-6, 9:5-6
Dead Sea Scrolls. 4Q326 1:1-4
Dead Sea Scrolls. 4Q326
Dead Sea Scrolls. 1QS 9:17-21
